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Welding is one of the most important processes in manufacturing and construction industries. Various categories of welding exist and there are many welding processes available from which and industrial engineers can select for a particular application. The fusion category include the arc welding processes, resistance welding and gas welding methods; the non-fusion or solid state include cold welding, forge welding, ultrasonic welding, friction welding, friction stir welding, resistance welding, diffusion bonding, and explosion welding. The high energy densities/low dilution welding method in this category are pulse arc welding (PAW), laser beam welding and electron beam welding. The choice of a welding process and the welding input parameters are determined by some factors. This review highlights the categories of welding, factors influencing the choice of a particular welding process for a given application, Various areas of application of these categories of welding were discussed and it also address the effect of some of these welding input parameters on the integrity and quality of weld joints. The goal is to achieve high-quality welded joints with desired bead geometry and performance while minimizing detrimental internal stress and distortion and the corrosion rate characteristics of these regions, are all demonstrably influenced by the selected welding parameters. In essence, this review underscores the critical role of precise process control in achieving optimal weld quality and mitigating potential drawbacks in the welding industry

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Abstract Conventional weight loss and thermometric have investigated the inhibitory efficiency of Terminalia catappa on the corrosion of improvised metallic implants. The improvised metallic implant from the fan guard can be employed as a short-time profile implant item for the purpose of implantation and fixation in animals after a comparative study with the standard stainless steel. The GS-MS elucidation of chemical structures indicated the presence of phytochemical constituents responsible for TC's inhibitory capacity. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing the inhibitor concentration; an implied phenomenon of physical adsorption was proposed for the inhibition of TC. Also, the process followed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm with very high negative values of the free energy of adsorption. Both the weight loss and thermometric results are in excellent agreement with each other. Quantum chemical parameters associated with the electronic structures of specific components of the exudate supported their inhibiting potentials.

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In this study, the performance of the ABU (Ahmadu Bello University) waste stabilisation pond system was evaluated, with a primary focus on its efficiency of organic loading remover, and the interplay of key physicochemical parameters. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) application reveals strong correlations between BOD and selected parameters, notably turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), highlighting their significance in water quality dynamics. The findings affirmed the system's effectiveness in organic loading reduction having a removal efficiency of 62.05% and the stability of physicochemical parameters within acceptable limits. Recommendations include measures to control turbidity, manage pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, implement real-time monitoring, and conduct periodic assessments to optimise treatment capacities. Beyond practical applications, the study's impact extends to potential policy implications, environmental conservation, and the dissemination of knowledge in the field of wastewater treatment, contributing to sustainable wastewater management and the safeguarding of aquatic ecosystems

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Industrial effluents in Nigeria are not treated in most cases but dumped into nearby open drainages and water bodies which is an exact situation in Kano metropolis. Vat dyes are the main causes of pollution in textile wastewaters and other industrial effluents. The aim of this paper is to investigate the waste management strategies of occupational dyers in Kano metropolis and determine the potential environmental impacts of the dyeing activity. A structured questionnaire was administered among 1387 dyers and further information was obtained via focus group discussion and observation. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software. Results showed that environmental officers played a vital role in educating the dyers on the impacts of chemicals on the environment as well as waste management. Effluent from the dyehouses is not treated and the drainages are poor which could cause ground water contamination since the dyehouses are in close proximity to residential areas. The dyers are well aware of some of the potential impacts of their wastewaters. The study recommends that the dyehouses should be relocated to the industrial areas of the state and relevant agencies should enforce stringent environmental laws with regards to effluent discharge. The dyers should also be encouraged to revert to the use of natural dyes which are less polluting for sustainable development.

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This paper emphasizes the importance of safety in manufacturing and the various consequences of accidents in the textile industry. It explores different types of accidents in these environments, including slips, falls, and machine-related incidents. The impact of accidents extends beyond injured workers, affecting production, finances, and company reputation. The key to preventing accidents lies in a comprehensive framework. This framework should incorporate the experience of veteran employees, natural human instincts for safety, and data-driven analysis of past incidents. Manufacturers can leverage this knowledge by implementing targeted safety training, conducting regular inspections, and fostering open communication about potential hazards. Strong leadership commitment to safety initiatives further strengthens this approach. By combining these elements, manufacturing facilities can create a safer work environment for employees and ensure the overall success of their operations.

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To evaluate the potential of Agbaja clay for industrial applications, a comprehensive analysis of its physico-chemical and mineralogical properties was undertaken. The clay exhibited a predominantly kaolinitic composition, as determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), with halloysite and illite as minor constituents. The chemical analysis revealed significant alumina (Al₂O₃) and silica (SiO₂) content at 38.68 wt% and 39.47 wt%, respectively, along with negligible alkali oxide impurities. The clay demonstrated plastic behavior with an Atterberg Plasticity Index of 15.45% and a neutral pH of 6.61. Based on these findings, Agbaja clay is deemed suitable for a wide range of applications including the production of refractory materials, vitreous ceramics, and as a filler in paper, rubber, plastic, and pharmaceutical industries. A notable characteristic is the colour transformation from milk white to light grey upon firing.

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Azara baryte was subjected to analysis, revealing an average specific gravity of 4.3 g/cm³ and a loss on ignition of 1.71 wt%. The contents of Fe2O3, Al2O3, and BaO were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Gravimetric methods were employed to measure SiO2 and SO3, while flame photometry was utilized for the determination of CaO, MgO, Na2O, and K2O. The average percentage values for the chemical oxides in the baryte samples were as follows: BaO (57.29 wt%), SO3 (25.99 wt%), CaO (1.40 wt%), MgO (0.40 wt%), Fe2O3 (3.46 wt%), Al2O3 (0.97 wt%), Na2O (2.82 wt%), K2O (0.30 wt%), and SiO2 (6.23 wt%). These findings indicate that Azara baryte meets the requirements for use in glass production and as a filler or extender in paint and rubber production. However, further beneficiation is necessary for it to be suitable as a component of oil drilling mud

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Ten cotton varieties indigenous to the region were evaluated for their physical characteristics under standardized conditions using established protocols. Parallel-laid, cross-laid, and random-laid fibre webs with defined weight and dimensions (specific mass) were prepared from raw (unscoured), scoured, and scoured-mercerized samples of each variety. The vertical plane capillary rise of a dye solution was measured, along with the post-contact absorption increase after a fixed time interval. The results indicated a distinct trend in fluid absorption based on fibre orientation, with random-laid webs exhibiting the highest uptake, followed by parallel-laid and then cross-laid configurations. This trend persisted for the various fibre treatments, with scoured-mercerized webs demonstrating the greatest absorption, followed by scoured and then unscoured samples. Furthermore, a negative correlation was observed between fibre length and absorption within each orientation, signifying increased absorption with shorter fibres. Conversely, a positive correlation was found between fibre fineness and maturity with decreased absorption, although this effect became less pronounced at maturity levels exceeding 90%.

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This research investigates the impact of glass fiber content on the mechanical, morphological, physical, and dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites. The selection of PP and glass fiber is driven by their widespread availability, favorable mechanical characteristics, and cost-effectiveness. The study involves the fabrication of glass fiber-reinforced PP composites using a Carver Press Model with a fiber loading range of 13% to 22%. The following properties were evaluated for the composites with 18% fiber loading: Tensile strength: 55.2 MPa, Tensile modulus: 989.1 MPa, Flexural strength: 64.47 MPa, Flexural modulus: 1970.58 MPa, Impact strength: 28.76 kJ/m², Density: 1.038 g/cm³, Water absorption: 0.274%. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed poor fiber-matrix adhesion at elevated temperatures and high damping characteristics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs further confirmed the presence of delamination, matrix rupture, and fiber breakage within the composite. Based on the improved properties observed in the study, particularly increased tensile and flexural strength and modulus, polypropylene composites with optimized glass fiber content could be suitable for various applications such as Automotive components, Construction materials, Sporting goods, and Consumer electronics. Overall, with further optimization, polypropylene composites with tailored glass fiber content have the potential to find applications in various industries requiring lightweight, strong, and cost-effective materials.

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The Nigerian downstream petroleum sector faces numerous challenges, including underutilised refineries, poorly maintained pipelines and storage facilities, vandalism, and inadequate transportation infrastructure, all of which hinder the efficient supply and distribution of refined petroleum products nationwide. Originally intended as a supplementary method, road transportation has largely replaced pipeline transport for petroleum product delivery. This descriptive study examines the supply sources, safety implications, costs, and socioeconomic impacts of shifting from pipeline to road truck transportation at the Kano Depot. Data were collected from primary sources through a questionnaire-based survey of 81 randomly selected participants from ten oil transport companies and secondary sources, including interviews, journals, articles, online resources, reports, and templates from relevant petroleum sector agencies. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics via the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results identify key supply sources and highlight safety challenges such as poor road conditions, accidents, mechanical failures, and human factors, with correlations indicating interrelationships among these constraints. Cost related issues, including delivery shortages and transportation expenses, were also quantified. The study further evaluates the positive and negative socioeconomic impacts of this transportation shift, with significant p-values derived from various analytical methods.