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Talc by its intrinsic properties is an important material with diverse industrial applications. In the present work, the evaluation of a Nigeria sourced talc ore for industrial utilization by sulphuric acid leaching was studied and accordingly characterized. During the experiments, it was found that the increase in acid concentration, reaction temperature and decreased particle size increase the extent of the ore dissolution. At optimal conditions (2.0 mol/L H2SO4, 75°C, -90+75µm), 71.2% of the ore reacted within 120 minutes with moderate stirring. The unleached product was analysed to contain silica. The estimated activation energy of 28.72 kJ/mol supported the proposed diffusion-controlled reaction kinetics. The leached product is hydrophilic having specific surface area increased from 0.15 m2 /g to 3.76 m2 /g with total cumulative pore volume of 0.010986 ml/g. Finally, a decrease in the ore’s iron content from 3.75% to 0.16% yielded 95.73% product purity

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We have demonstrated that activated carbon could be produced via microwave-assisted activation at a much shorter time (ranging from 2-5 min) and reduced cost compared to the conventional activation method embraced by most researchers in the production of activated carbon. The research work is not only limited to surface chemistry and adsorption studies but also includes structural, microstructural and electrochemical studies/investigations of the produced Nickel Oxide Filled Activated Carbon (NOFAC). Its uniqueness is tied to cost effectiveness and the use of agricultural waste product. Activated carbon filled with nickel oxide was prepared via microwave-assisted chemical activation using coconut shell, palm kernel shell and their mixture with potassium hydroxide as activating agent. The effect of the incorporation of NiO on the structure and surface chemistry of the raw materials after activation was studied employing Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The electrochemical characteristics were investigated employing Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic Charge-Discharge (GCD) analysis and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the existence of strong interfacial interaction between NiO and the host matrices showing creation and annihilation of absorption bands in the IR spectra with significant absorptions observed below 500cm-1 for nickel oxide. The TEM results showed that the microstructural evolution of host matrices is as a result of incorporation of NiO and activation using microwave power respectively. A follow-up with XRD confirmed the presence of anomalous graphite structure surrounded by traces of impurities resulting from the activating agent. Finally, the scan rate studies revealed activated palm kernel shell as the best candidate with better current response, higher value of specific capacitance and better electrochemical behaviour.

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Landolphia owariensis belongs to the family Apocynaceae and its roots are commonly used as medicinal plant for the treatment of malaria and as purgative. The leaves extract is antimicrobial and the stem extract is used as a vermifuge. The phytochemical analysis of L. owariensis indicated secondary plant metabolites such as tannins, and flavonoids. The presence of tannins and flavonoids makes it imperative to conduct a formal study of its tanning potentials. This paper is reporting the application of phytochemical and classical methods of tannin analysis, and the use of the extracts for tanning purpose. The result of the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of tannins, saponins, fat and oils; while the classical analysis showed that the extract contains tans, non-tans, total soluble and moisture. The tanning extracts were used to tanned goat skins and the resultant leather shows favorable standard value for shrinkage temperature, tensile strength, and ball burst

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The leather industry is ranked first in foreign exchange earnings from non-oil export products in Nigeria. Unfortunately, 5-10% of fatliquor applied to the resultant leather articles are imported with attendant negative effects on value addition and job creation. It is imperative to look inward into plants that can give good yield of oil that can be converted into fatliquor. Based on this, oil from Cucurbita maxima (kabewa) seed was extracted and characterised and results presented as follows: Saponification value 198.18mgKOH/g, iodine value 68.56, acid value 6.95mgKOH/g, pH 5.5 and 50% oil yield. Heavy metal contents were analysed using AAS indicated Fe2+0.4357ppm, Ni2+ 0.0424ppm and Pb2+ 0.0021ppm. FT-IR analysis revealed –OH, -CH≡CH-, and –C=O as the functional groups present in the oil. GC-MS determination showed that the dominant fatty acids present in the oil include: palmitic acid (C16H32O2), oleic acid (C18H32O2), stearic acid (C18H36O2), palmitoleic acid (C16H30O2) and myristic acid (C14H28O2). The yield of the oil was good and can be used alone or in combination with other fatliquors after subjecting it to sulphation

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Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) [Cu(INA)2] were prepared by a solvent free method and were used for the adsorption of anthracene from solution. The [Cu(INA)2] MOFs were found to be good adsorption materials having good adsorption capacity. The maximum adsorption capacity for the [Cu(INA)2] MOFs was observed to be 22.73 mg/g for anthracene. The adsorption process favoured the pseudo-secondorder kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm was found to be most appropriate model for the adsorption data. [Cu(INA)2 ] MOFs, therefore, can be used as environmentally friendly adsorbents in the treatment of wastewater

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The possibility of using solid tannery waste in HDPE was studied by examination of the mechanical properties, morphology and thermal properties of the composites produced. Composite was manufactured by compression moulding technique for varying fibre contents from 10% to 60%. Mechanical and physical tests were conducted on composite specimens in accordance to ASTM D638. A partial replacement of 10-40 wt% of HDPE (petroleum-derived plastics) was successful with tensile value of 118.868, 100.971 MPa at 10 wt% for composite of HDPE filled chrome waste and HDPE filled vegetable re-tanned waste, while HDPE (control sample) at 10 wt% gave 25.338 MPa only, The optimal value for tensile strength, and elastic modulus was obtained at filler loads of 10wt%. The morphology and thermal properties of the matrix and composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, thermal differential analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The TGA and DTA results of composites were more thermally stable with additives than the control or it’s composite without additives. The thermal differential analysis of composites without additives displays two steps weight losses while composites with additives display a single step weight loss. In conclusion, the additives does improve the mechanical properties of HDPE/Leather solid waste, it greatly helps to stabilize the composite against thermal and photo degradation. HDPE90/Vegetable waste10 were shown to have better properties than those of Chrome tanned and Hide un-tanned waste

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Biomass fibres obtained from agricultural wastes have found application in the production of structural reinforcement for bio-composites used for manufacturing engineering components because of their low cost, biodegradable and eco-friendly advantages. The effects of hybridization on the mechanical properties of bagasse/sisal/coir reinforced epoxy hybrid composites have been studied. Bagasse has gained applications in paper making and as a biofuel in industries especially in Egypt, India and Cuba. However, its potentials have not been fully utilized as engineering materials due to its moderate strength. This work is therefore aimed at tailoring its properties through hybridization with other supporting natural fibres for better performance and applications. Hybridization was found to increase both the tensile strength and flexural modulus of the composites in the order: Bagasse/Epoxy < Bagasse/Coir/Epoxy < Bagasse/Sisal/Epoxy < Bagasse/Sisal/Coir/Epoxy. The tensile strength of the three-fibre/matrix hybrid system of Bagasse/Sisal/Coir reinforced epoxy composites was 53.25 MPa, showing an improvement of 70.1 % over the pure Bagasse/Epoxy composite. However, when blended with sisal and coir, the tensile strength value was raised to 43.6 MPa with the composition of 60%B/40%S having an improvement of 39.3% over the pure Bagasse/Epoxy composite while that of 60%B/40%C registered a strength value of 40.6 MPa. On the other hand, the hardness of the composites decreased with the hybridization of the fibres. The hardness strength value for the hybrid composites showed that as the sisal component increased from 40 % to 60 %, the composition with 50 %B/50 %C showed the highest numerical strength of 8.87 RHF followed by 60 %B/40 %C having 8.63 RHF. As fibre loading increases, the rate of water absorption increases and the rate of water absorption is higher for the hybridized composite than for the unhybridized composite system. The specific water absorption value of the hybrid composite is as follows 60 wt%B40%S < 40 %B60 %C <60 %B/10 %S/30 %C having absorption rate of 6.5 %, 7 % and 10.8 % respectively

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Seed oil has been proposed as alternative base fluid for drilling mud but its stability to oxidation is still an issue to deal with. This paper reports the influence of stabilizing neem oil through chemical modification on its flow and electric conduction properties. Ester derivatives were produced from laboratory purified neem oil. The purified neem oil (PNO) was epoxidized to convert the double bonds to epoxy rings in order to eliminate the weak pi-bonds that are susceptible to oxidation. The derived products from these controlled reactions were verified using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The viscosity of the epoxy neem was found to have increased. Glycerol was then removed from the epoxy oil to produce alkyl ester of epoxy neem oil. This reduced the viscosity of the epoxy oil. The mid frequency dielectric response of the PNO and its derivatives are related to ionic conduction. PNO has an electrical conductivity of 1.26 × 10-9 S·m-1 at 20ºC; this is about 100 times higher than the conductivity of diesel oil used as base oil for drilling fluid. The bulk conductivity is thermally activated (activation energy = 0.31 eV) and influenced by the liquid viscosity. A higher conductivity was observed for the ester derivatives compared to that for PNO and this may be attributed to polarization of suspended nanoimpurities. The obtained results support the proposition that suspension of conducting nano-particles in the neem oil derivatives will pave way for the production of a suitable base liquid that will provide lubrication and electric current path for a sustainable oil-based drilling fluid for offshore drilling

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The physico-chemical properties of biodiesel are its specifications that define a set of quality standards. These properties include specific gravity, acid number, viscosity, cetane number, flashpoint, pour point, cloud point, cold filter flogging point, sulphated ash, carbon residue, sulphur content, copper strip corrosion and free fatty acid among others. This research presents the results of specific gravity, acid number, sulphur content, colour index and copper strip corrosion of biodiesel from Cotton, Jatropha, Neem and their binary blends and multi-blends with diesel. The properties were tested in accordance with the ASTM standards and it was observed that, all the fuels conform to the ASTM standards for all the properties except the pure Neem biodiesel B100N whose colour is slightly above the standard and the acid values that are slightly below the minimum standards which depict no harm. This implies that all the fuel samples can be used in Compression Ignition engines with the anticipation of improved quality of atomization, combustion, fuel droplets, air-fuel mixing and without fear of damages on either fuel pumps and filters or climate condition due to sulphur content of the fuel.

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Dutsen Bakura hill amethyst mineralization is located within a sheared granitic gneiss in the PanAfrican basement complex of northcentral Nigeria. The zone of mineralization is within a shear zone that trend NE-SW consistent with Pan-African structural trend. Mineralization consists of bands of milky quartz and amethyst, apparently formed from two stage sequence of silicification. Major, trace and rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns are used to distinguished host rock and mineralization characteristic. SiO2 content ranges generally between 76.77 – 79.25 wt % ; Al2O3 content ranges between 11.61 – 11.85 wt %; Fe2O3(T) content ranges between 1.49 – 2.26 wt %; Na2O content ranges between 2.91 - 4.99 wt % in the granite gneiss. The sheared granite gneiss has SiO2 content ranging between 82.09 w % - 99.21 wt %; Al2O3 content ranging between 7.42 - 10.34 wt % which is slightly lower than that of the granite gneiss; Fe2O3 (T) content ranges between 0.67 – 3.90 wt %; Na2O content ranges between 0.01 - 0.02 wt %. Major element content distribution within the mineralised zone is as follows: The SiO2 content in the amethyst ranges from 98.95 - 100 wt %; Al2O3 ranges between 0.06 – 0.18 wt %; Fe2O3 (T) ranges between 0.63 – 0.67 wt %; Na2O content ranges between 0.01 -0.02. However, SiO2 in the milky quartz ranges from 97.43 to 99.22 wt%; Al2O3 content ranges between 0.05 – 0.22 wt %; Fe2O3 (T) content ranges between 0.56 – 0.66 wt %; Na2O content ranges between 0.01 -0.02 wt %. This paper reports the geological and chemical characteristics of amethyst mineralization of Dutsen Bakura hill with the general view of chemically characterizing Nigerian amethyst.Dutsen Bakura hill amethyst mineralization is located within a sheared granitic gneiss in the PanAfrican basement complex of northcentral Nigeria. The zone of mineralization is within a shear zone that trend NE-SW consistent with Pan-African structural trend. Mineralization consists of bands of milky quartz and amethyst, apparently formed from two stage sequence of silicification. Major, trace and rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns are used to distinguished host rock and mineralization characteristic. SiO2 content ranges generally between 76.77 – 79.25 wt % ; Al2O3 content ranges between 11.61 – 11.85 wt %; Fe2O3(T) content ranges between 1.49 – 2.26 wt %; Na2O content ranges between 2.91 - 4.99 wt % in the granite gneiss. The sheared granite gneiss has SiO2 content ranging between 82.09 w % - 99.21 wt %; Al2O3 content ranging between 7.42 - 10.34 wt % which is slightly lower than that of the granite gneiss; Fe2O3 (T) content ranges between 0.67 – 3.90 wt %; Na2O content ranges between 0.01 - 0.02 wt %. Major element content distribution within the mineralised zone is as follows: The SiO2 content in the amethyst ranges from 98.95 - 100 wt %; Al2O3 ranges between 0.06 – 0.18 wt %; Fe2O3 (T) ranges between 0.63 – 0.67 wt %; Na2O content ranges between 0.01 -0.02. However, SiO2 in the milky quartz ranges from 97.43 to 99.22 wt%; Al2O3 content ranges between 0.05 – 0.22 wt %; Fe2O3 (T) content ranges between 0.56 – 0.66 wt %; Na2O content ranges between 0.01 -0.02 wt %. This paper reports the geological and chemical characteristics of amethyst mineralization of Dutsen Bakura hill with the general view of chemically characterizing Nigerian amethyst.

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The pressure upon many nations of the world especially in the developing economies is the attainment of the Sustainable Development goals, one of which is Environmental Sustainability. A shift from fossil fuel to renewable alternative energy such as biogas has been identified as a key strategy for attaining this. The production of biogas from various substrates via anaerobic digestion has been extensively explored. The influence of variability in ambient and digester temperatures on biogas production from cow dung and chicken droppings was explored in this study. Anaerobic digestion of Cow dung and Chicken droppings for the production of high quality biogas was carried out at average ambient temperatures of 20.45±4 oC and 37.00±3 oC. The total biogas production for Cow dung and Chicken droppings were respectively 0.035444 m3 and 0.210984 m3 for the first temperature range and 0.183471 m3 and 0.321066 m3 for the second temperature range. The results of the daily and cumulative biogas production where subjected to the Modified Gompertz model. The total biogas yield for Cow dung and Chicken droppings based on the Modified Gompertz equation were respectively 0.0374 m3 and 0.217 m3 for the first temperature range and 0.181 m3 and 0.322 m3 for the second temperature range. This study demonstrated that there is a clear variation in the volume of biogas produced at lower and higher temperatures within the mesophilic range.

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Zippers are textile fastening devices which are flexible and operate by moving a slider along two rows of inter-lockable elements. In Nigeria, the polyester and nylon coil type of zippers are the most commonly used and patronized by makers of female garments and dresses. Previous study on the strength of zippers in a region similar to Nigeria showed zipper failures were as a result of wrong application of zipper to garment fits. In this study, the effect of laundering activity on the crosswise strength and slider lock strength of the nylon coil zipper in Nigeria was investigated. Two (2) sets of #3 nylon coil zippers were separated into groups and subjected to a number of wash cycles. The crosswise strength and slider lock strength tests were performed and the results were compared to a group of control-samples. The average slider lock strength for the Gyro Washed samples were 54.28 N, 43.31 N and 44.27 N for the first, second and third Wash cycles respectively; while the control samples recorded an average strength of 47.28 N. The average crosswise strength recorded were 679 N, 667 N and 680 N for the first ,second and third Wash cycles respectively; while the control samples recorded an average strength of 486.04 N. The Average slider Lock strength recorded from the Motorised Tensometer for the hand washed samples were 45.0 N, 50.0 N and 48.3 N for the for the first ,second and third Wash cycles respectively, while the control samples recorded an average strength of 33.3 N. The results showed that laundry/wash activity has an effect on the slider lock and cross wise strength of the zippers which can also hinder the smooth operation/movement of sliders along the zipper elements/chain.

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The studies investigate the physicochemical properties and concentration of radioactive elements present in the geophagious ‘Nzu clay’ samples obtained from Azonogogo, Delta State and Uzella River, Owan West LGA, Edo State. The mineral composition of the clay samples were investigated using XRD while the radioactive elements were determined by using Hiper Pure Gammanium detector with Resolution (FWHM): 2.3 Kev, 60Co at 1.33Mev. The result of the physicochemical properties shows that water absorption and swelling power of processed/finished ‘Nzu clay’ obtained from Uzella River have the highest values of 2.230±0.000 and 2.070±0.000 respectively. The pH of the raw and processed/finished ‘Nzu clay’ is 5.150±0.494 and 4.500±0.141 respectively, showing increased acidity in the clay. The levels of radioactive elements in ‘Nzu Clay’ indicated that the average specific activities of 40K, 238U and 232Th ranged from 54.45±32.45 to 127.60±14.7, 21.35±6.28 to 38.75±4.67 and 26.83±13.94 to 44.51±1.16 respectively. The mean absorbed dose rate and annual Gonadal Equivalent Dose (AGED) of the ‘Nzu Clay’ was calculated to be 48.86 nGy/h and 207.1Sv/y, respectively. The XRD analysis reveals that the ‘Nzu clay’ is dominantly composed of the mineral Kaolinite and Quartz. The presence of these radioactive elements, though not beyond the permissible limits put the habitual consumer at health risk on the long run.

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Vinylsulphone disperse reactive dyes were synthesized by diazotizing 2-methoxy-5-methyl-4- (sulfatoethylsulfonyl) aniline and coupling with substituted pyridone derivatives. The synthesized dyes were applied successfully on polyester without dispersing agent and the dyeing showed good leveling and build up with desired colour yield. The dyeing was dependent on the pH and the optimum pH was found to be 5, similar to that employed in conventional polyester dyeing. The fastness properties obtained are excellent and comparable with the conventional disperse dyes

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A new copper deposit associated with the marginal granite porphyry of Banke Younger Granite Complex was discovered at Zarara hill, Kano State Nigeria. Preliminary study was undertaken with the main objectives of mineralogical and chemical characterization of the deposit. Twelve samples were obtained polished thin sections were prepared and studied using backscattered images and electron microprobe techniques. The results indicate that the ore mineralogical assemblage comprises of primary chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, arsenopyrite and pyrite, while secondary minerals formed from the alteration of the primary ore minerals are malachite, azurite, chalcocite and goethite. The gangue mineral assemblage include quartz, feldspar and hematite. Hence, chemical characterization of the deposit revealed that the economic metals include Cu, Pb, Zn, and S with trace concentrations of Cd, Co, Se, Ni, Mo etc. Therefore, adequate mineralogical and chemical characterization of mineral deposits is essential as a prerequisite for deposit’s evaluation because other elements with possible economic and environmental significance might be present within the ore minerals as solid solutions.

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Novel perovskite-type nanomaterials with the composition La1-x(Bix)FeO3-δ (where x = 0.5 and 0.2) were synthesized by using a modified citric acid sol-gel route and annealed at 900 °C in (1) in air (LB0.5FO-air and LB0.2FO-air), and (2) in Argon atmosphere (LB0.5FO-Ar and LB0.2FO-Ar). Scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction analysis of the powders showed that they contain crystalline perovskite-type nanoparticles with crystallite sizes 37-41 nm. The lattice parameters, after refinement, showed that the particles crystallized in an orthorhombic structure. The BET specific surface areas (SSA) ranged between 1.76-4.37 m2 g -1 with powders synthesized under argon having the higher SSAs. Vibrating sample magnetometer analysis of the hysteresis loop showed a slightly higher magnetization value for the samples synthesized in air. Photoluminescence spectroscopy showed that the powders were all active in the visible region and could be useful for visible light photodegradation of organic dyes. The powders were all screened for photocatalytic activity against an organic dye (Rhodamine B) in the visible region of the solar spectrum and the photocatalytic activities were good for powders synthesized in argon, In addition, a mineralization of up to 80% was achieved after 3 hrs of photodegradation for these powders as well. The materials therefore, show good potential for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants and photocatalyst recovery after photodegradation

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The present work evaluates the potentials of using indigenous microbial strains isolated from wastewaters of an effluent treatment plant of a Textile Industry and the feasibility of employing nanofiltration (NF) membrane and reverse osmosis (RO) systems as an alternative treatment method of textile wastewater discharged from textile industry. Experiments were performed in a laboratory - scale set up using four potential candidates’ microbial strains, in which the bacterial strains (Pseudomonas monteilii and Aeromonas hydrophila) and the fungal strains (Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Aspergillus oryzae) were selected based on their ability to decolorize and degrade dyes effluent into non-toxic form. Decolorization efficiencies of the microbial strains were measured as a function of the operational parameters (aeration, dye concentration, pH, temperature, total viable count and optical density) and the microbial isolates showed increase in cell number as the concentration, absorbance and pH decreases. The effects of dye concentration, pH of solution, feed temperature, dissolved salts and operating pressure on permeate flux and dye rejection were studied using the membrane technologies. Results at operating conditions of dye concentration of 60 mg/L, feed temperature of 38 °C and pressure at 8.5 bar showed the final dye removal with NF membrane as 97.3 %, 99.1 % and 98.9 % for organic dyes, Congo red and Direct blue 80, respectively. While with RO membrane, the final dye removals were 97.5 %, 97.7 %, and 98.6 % for organic dyes, Congo red and Direct blue 80 dyes, respectively. Higher color removal was achieved due to the existence of NaCl salt in the solution. It was later confirmed that pH of solution also had a positive impact on dye removal. A comparison was made between the results of dye decolorization in microbial and membrane methods and it was found that the use of membrane technologies in dye removal from the effluent of textiles industry was highly effective and promising

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Sodium silicate in powdered form was successfully synthesized from both rice husk ash and Kankara kaolinite clay. The impure nature of both monomer and NaOH used does not seems to hinder the depolymerization reaction viz-a-viz product formation. The crystallinity of sodium silicate produced tends to increase with reaction time, temperature, and Na2O/SiO2 ratio. About 93% crystallinity for assynthesized sodium silicate was obtained using Na2O/SiO2 molar ratio of 0.9, reaction time and temperature of 75mins and 100°C, respectively. The starting material and product formed were characterized using XRF, XRD and SEM analysis. The result proved that the sodium silicate produced can serve as an excellent replacement to its commercial counterpartSodium silicate in powdered form was successfully synthesized from both rice husk ash and Kankara kaolinite clay. The impure nature of both monomer and NaOH used does not seems to hinder the depolymerization reaction viz-a-viz product formation. The crystallinity of sodium silicate produced tends to increase with reaction time, temperature, and Na2O/SiO2 ratio. About 93% crystallinity for assynthesized sodium silicate was obtained using Na2O/SiO2 molar ratio of 0.9, reaction time and temperature of 75mins and 100°C, respectively. The starting material and product formed were characterized using XRF, XRD and SEM analysis. The result proved that the sodium silicate produced can serve as an excellent replacement to its commercial counterpart

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The present study determined the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on the properties of baobab pod/sisal fibres reinforced low-density polyethylene (LDPE) hybrid composites. Used to treatment the fibres, were different concentrations of NaOH 2 -10 wt% at 2 wt% interval. The hybrid composites were compounded using two roll mills machine and compressed in a mold using hydraulic press at a pressure of 10 kN and temperature of 120 oC. The fibre content of the hybrid composites was 10 wt% with baobab and sisal fibre ratio of 1:1. Tensile, impact, hardness, water absorption and morphological analysis were conducted on the produced hybrid composites. The mechanical properties of the hybrid composite increased with increase NaOH concentration up to 6 wt%, while the water absorption decreased with increase in concentration of NaOH solution. The morphology revealed that surface cracks and voids were more in hybrid composites produced with untreated and fibres treated at higher concentrations of NaOH.

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A series of azo dyes was synthesised by coupling reaction of napththalen-2-ol with diazotized 4- sodiumphenolate, 4-Nitrophenylazo and 4-Chlorophenylazo respectively, as diazo components. The characterization of the dyes was carried out by GC/MS analysis. The solubility of dyes in the visible absorption spectra was also determined. The dyeing performances of the three dyes were assessed on cotton, wool and nylon fabrics, also determined are the molar absorbtivity, dyebath exhaustion (%E) and dye fixation (%F). The dyed fabrics show very good washing fastness properties for wool and nylon and moderate for the cotton fabric. These dyes were found to give bright yellow to purple colour shades with very good depth and levelness on the fabrics. The dyebath exhaustion and fixation on the various fabrics were also found to be very good